Esim - 轶闻录第十五期之治水记三
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丹朱

放齐(似与尧,放勋同胞)推荐尧之子丹朱的理由是“开明”,而尧
反对的理由是“顽凶”。同为一人,对其评价却能迥差至此,为何?史载
丹朱的封地在丹渊,在今河南南部,与当时的三苗势力范围相接。三苗是
有尧一代的边防大患,是帝尧历来都想变化更服的。丹朱被封于此,这应
是表彰他代尧伐三苗的功勋。因此丹朱在此一带极有声威,以至于有帝丹
朱的称谓。丹朱以武取功伐平定了三苗,解除了滋扰多年的边患,居功至
伟,又兼及尧子,位列首选,情之所至,理所必然。这可能就是放齐所说
的“开明”之所在。但是尧却不用,又为何?窃以为丹朱平定三苗之后,
必然有大量的战俘获得。况且三苗开化未久,北方先进的部落有理由不以
其为胞族也是非常可能的,那么这些无法融入已然具有发达农牧业部落的
战俘的结果只有一个,就是充作奴隶,为丹朱一族牧农。要指出一点的是,
当时北方炎黄,东夷两大部落在涿鹿之战后已经大大融合,虽偶有小规模
的征伐,但是得到的战俘也极可能是以胞族对待,不至沦为奴隶。唯有征
伐三苗的丹朱有获得大量奴隶的可能。如此,我们是否可以假设在丹朱这
一支种,已经有了较高程度的奴隶制度?奴隶制相较公社制,在为统治者
积累财富方面的优势是十分显著的。因此丹朱一支的势力骤然膨大,坐享
奴隶创造的财富骄奢淫佚(史记夏本纪中帝舜说丹朱“傲,维慢游是好,
毋水行舟,朋淫于家”),仗着武备恃强凌弱应该是其特点。这可能就是尧
所说的“顽凶”之所在。所以“开明”和“顽凶”乃是一物之两面。

还要指出的是,帝颛顼创制神巫统治,是十分知道作为庞大氏族部落联盟
的最高统治者的帝是需要十分高的道德修养和实际能力来处理盟中大小事
务的,因此必然传下了一整套极为严厉的培养或摘选方法,可惜当时文学
未昌,未能有原文留下(亦或许是其神秘制度使然),但从史记五帝本纪
尧如何考验舜的记载中,我们略可见一二。也正因为这套方法几近苛酷,
所以常人视之如虎,而由于丹朱采取了某种程度的奴隶制度,使本族人得
到了大大的实惠,摇身一变成为统治阶层而却又不用做那如苦行僧般的修
身治气,因而放齐代表一部分这样的人称丹朱为“开明”似也说得通。但
可惜当时天下只有三苗一处可供征伐,一旦丹朱履及帝位,则普天下都要
行如此制度却也是行不通的,到时只能是整个部落集团的分裂以及随之而
来的互相征伐。有鉴于此,尧在权衡了利弊之后(这个过程很长,按史记
上算应有数十年之久),最终还是将权授予了有神巫背景而且经受了历代
为帝者都经历过的考验的有虞氏舜,史书记有这样的话,“授舜,则天下
得其利而丹硃病;授丹硃,则天下病而丹硃得其利。尧曰“终不以天下之
病而利一人”,这里的天下何指,似不待言。还想说一点,就是尧在这里
表现出来的非此即彼的二元思维模式,在以后的历代诸朝的变法改革中都
出现过。现在看来,这实在也是一种迂阔的想法,以为天地间除了两个极
端,中间没有任何可以转圜的余地。以一己之成见而蔽其余,实在是不甚
高明。

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轶闻录第十四期之治水记二 (11 years ago)

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轶闻录第十六期之治水记四 (11 years ago)

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